Wah Academia Journal of Health and Nutrition
Wah Academia Journal of Health and Nutrition (WAJHN) is a premier, peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in health, nutrition, and related sciences. As part of the prestigious Wah Academia Journal family, WAJHN serves as a platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share cutting-edge insights, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and drive innovation in the global health landscape. At WAJHN, we are committed to: Publishing high-quality, evidence-based research articles, reviews, and case studies. Promoting understanding of health and nutrition challenges through rigorous scientific discourse. Empowering the scientific community by bridging gaps between theory, research, and practice. Our mission is to contribute to healthier societies by disseminating impactful research that informs policy, improves healthcare delivery, and enhances nutritional practices worldwide. Join us in shaping the future of health and nutrition.
Copyright and Licensing Publication is open access Creative Commons Attribution License - CC BY- 4.0 Copyrights: The author retains unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights
Community-Based Antenatal Care Quality Assessment: Evidence from Lady Health Workers and Midwives in in Tehsil Kharian and Kunjah, District Gujrat, Pakistan
Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is essential for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes through early detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. Despite progress, Pakistan continues to face a high maternal mortality ratio of approximately 155 per 100,000 live births, with preventable causes such as eclampsia, infections, and hemorrhage contributing significantly. Frontline providers, including Lady Health Workers (LHWs) and Community Midwives (CMWs), play a pivotal role in delivering quality ANC services at the community level. This study aimed to assess the quality of ANC services provided by LHWs and CMWs in Tehsil Kharian, District Gujrat. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 144 participants, including LHWs and CMWs. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire through systematic random sampling. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential analysis using the Chi-square test were applied to determine associations between variables. Results: Of the 144 participants, 110 (76.4%) were LHWs and 34 (23.6%) were CMWs. Only 29% of LHWs and 32.3% of CMWs had received reproductive health training. Approximately 60% reported inadequate facilities, and 56.6% were unable to provide standard ANC services. Supervised health workers demonstrated significantly better skills and performed more ANC procedures compared to unsupervised workers (p = 0.03). No statistically significant association was found between service quality and demographic variables (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Significant gaps exist in training, supervision, and resource availability among LHWs and CMWs. Strengthening capacity-building programs, supportive supervision, and infrastructure is essential to improve the quality of ANC services and maternal health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruksana Kousar, Atta Ur Rehman, Anum Sadiqa, Laiba Javed, Nida Amjad, Fouzia Zafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Essential Newborn Care Practices among Mothers in Community and Health Facility Settings in Tehsil Kharian District Gujrat, Pakistan
Introduction: Neonatal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in low-resource settings such as Tehsil Kharian, Pakistan. Understanding maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding neonatal care is essential for improving newborn outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to assess maternal KAP related to neonatal care among mothers of newborns in households and healthcare facilities in Tehsil Kharian. Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 10th January to 10th May 2022. Mothers of newborns aged 5 days to 3 months were enrolled after providing written informed consent. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-validated structured questionnaire in the local language. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic information, antenatal care (ANC) history, and KAP on thermal regulation, umbilical cord hygiene, breastfeeding, immunization, eye care, and recognition of neonatal danger signs. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 26.0. Results: A total of 380 mothers participated (mean age 25.63 ± 3.45 years); 50% had college-level education, and 67.4% had household incomes up to PKR 40,000. Overall knowledge was moderate, with 50% aware of proper breastfeeding and cord care practices, but only 19.5% knew to initiate breastfeeding within minutes of delivery. Harmful practices included using previously used blades for cord cutting (61.8%) and giving pre-lacteal feeds (43.9%). Only 30.3% of mothers attended ANC visits, and 65.8% believed vaccines were harmful. Conclusion: Significant gaps in maternal KAP exist in Tehsil Kharian, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions and community-based programs to promote evidence-based neonatal care and reduce neonatal mortality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fouzia Zafar, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman, Anum Sadiqa, Laiba Javed, Sajal Javed, Ruksana Kousar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions Among Staff Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore
Background: Food–drug interactions (FDIs) significantly influence drug effectiveness and patient safety by altering drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion, potentially resulting in therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions. Nurses, as primary medication administrators, must possess adequate knowledge of FDIs to ensure safe and effective patient care. Objective: To assess the level of awareness regarding food–drug interactions among staff nurses working in a clinical setting. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. A total of 115 registered nurses were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising demographic variables and knowledge-related items on FDIs, including general awareness, drug–drug interactions, and timing of drug administration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The findings showed that 68% of nurses had moderate awareness, 12% demonstrated good awareness, and 20% had poor knowledge of FDIs. The mean awareness score was 17.68 ± 2.98, with a mean percentage score of 57.05%. No significant association was found between awareness level and demographic variables such as education and professional experience. Conclusion: Most nurses demonstrated only moderate awareness of food–drug interactions, with notable knowledge gaps in drug-specific interactions and timing of administration. Targeted educational interventions are recommended to enhance nurses’ knowledge and promote safer, evidence-based medication practices, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing adverse effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anas Ali, Hina Arshad, Sameer Ibrahim, Joshua Atif, Danyal Clement, Ilyas Saleem, Suleman Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Calcitonin as a Clinical Biomarker: Unmet Diagnostic needs and Biosensor-based Solutions
A key biomarker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), calcitonin (CTN), is a peptide hormone released by thyroid parafollicular C-cells. It facilitates early identification, prognostic evaluation, and post-treatment recurrence monitoring. In nodular thyroid disease, elevated serum CT levels of 60–100 pg/ml are more suggestive of MTC or C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) than imaging or fine-needle aspiration alone. Nevertheless, there are still unmet diagnostic needs, such as false positives from non-thyroidal conditions, difficulties in pediatric populations, and the rise of calcitonin-negative MTC (CNMTC), in which up to 5–10% of cases have normal CTN levels that confuse detection, requiring the use of alternative markers such as procalcitonin (PCT), or progastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP). Despite their dependability, traditional immunoassays have drawbacks such as costly, time-consuming procedures and matrix interferences in complicated biofluids. By using nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dots for ultrasensitive, real-time CTN detection at picogram levels, biosensor-based systems provide viable substitutes. By improving specificity by molecular imprinting or antibody immobilization, electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors allow point-of-care applications in serum or saliva with little sample preparation. This mini review outlines diagnostic gaps, summarizes the most recent data on CTN's therapeutic efficacy, and investigates biosensor advances as alternative instruments for individualized MTC therapy. With the ultimate goal of reducing MTC mortality by proactive screening, next avenues include wearable sensors for ongoing monitoring and clinical validation to bridge bench-to-bedside translation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Doniyor Qurbonov, Behruz Аkbarov, Latofat Sunakbayeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medicinal Plants, Environmental Contaminants, and Biomedical Innovations: A Multidisciplinary Review of Natural Products in Health and Disease Management
Medicinal plants have been fundamental to human healthcare for millennia, serving as the primary source of therapeutic agents across diverse cultures. However, the simultaneous presence of environmental contaminants, particularly heavy metals, in these plants poses significant health risks that cannot be overlooked. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from over 50 studies to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, the challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, and the emerging role of nanotechnology and phytoremediation in addressing these challenges. Key medicinal plants including Cichorium intybus, Ziziphora persica, Lavandula angustifolia, and Catharanthus roseus are examined for their pharmacological properties, with particular attention to anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The review critically evaluates the sources and health implications of heavy metal contamination in medicinal plants and food products, drawing on case studies from Northern Iran. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches including Nano-formulations for enhanced drug delivery and phytoremediation strategies for soil decontamination. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern biotechnological tools presents unprecedented opportunities for sustainable healthcare and environmental management. This review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for maximizing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants while ensuring their safety and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani, Sahebe Hajipour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Study of 21-Year-Old Pakistani female
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a mode of treatment for a patient presenting with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The therapeutic procedure began with initial history intake and baseline assessments. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and WHODAS 2.0 (12 Item) was administered to record baseline symptoms severity (BAI=29, moderate anxiety) and (WHODAS 2.0=20, moderate functional impairment) prior to therapy and were re-administered following successful termination of therapy. The therapeutic modality employed in this case was Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, an evidence-based approach for treating GAD. The therapeutic procedure lasted 12 sessions, which aimed at psychoeducation, addressing maladaptive thoughts, cognitive restructuring, and the development of healthy adaptive coping strategies. Results showed significant reduction in anxiety symptoms and improvement in functional difficulties (Post termination BAI=16, mild anxiety; WHODAS 2.0= 12, mild functional impairment). This study highlights the importance of CBT as an effective intervention for anxiety- related disorders in young adult Pakistani population particularly in academic settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Dua-e-Zahra Naqvi, Fiza Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Formaldehyde and Methanol Contents in Canned Food and Drinks Samples: Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography and Industrial Reliance
This study presents a headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for the simultaneous determination of formaldehyde and methanol in canned food and drinks samples, such as pickle, fresh meat or stored fruit juices etc. The method was based on the reaction between formaldehyde and sodium borohydride in a concentrated potassium carbonate solution, in which formaldehyde was quantitatively converted to methanol and determined by HS-GC. By measuring the methanol content in the sample before and after the reaction with borohydride, both methanol and formaldehyde contents can be determined. By spiking a given amount of isopropanol in the tested sample solution, the uncertainty in above two separate measurements by HS-GC can be significantly reduced when using isopropanol signal as a reference in the internal standard calibration. Results showed that the present method had a good accuracy (with a recovery ranging from 94 – 103 %). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method is 0.835 mmol/kg. This method is straightforward, reliable, and suitable for the high-throughput monitoring of these common water pollutants, offering a valuable tool for environmental quality control and pollution assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Supriyo Acharya, Dr. Asima Ghosh Bhanja, Dr. Rajiv Narula (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A review of the analysis of the effects of nanoparticle morphology on intracellular drug delivery
Nanoparticles have been used as promising carriers for targeted and controlled drug delivery by researchers due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as size, surface charge, and especially shape. Among these parameters, the shape of nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention because it significantly affects their interactions with biological barriers, including blood vessels, cell membranes, and extracellular matrix. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the effects of nanoparticle shape on drug delivery efficiency and to classify related articles based on clinical and experimental findings. A comprehensive review was conducted on 30 scientific articles, from which 22 studies published between 2010 and 2025 were selected that directly investigated the role of particle shape in drug delivery systems. While spherical nanoparticles have received the most attention, recent evidence suggests that rod-shaped, disc-like, and elongated structures may provide increased circulation time, improved tumor penetration, and more controlled drug release profiles. The findings suggest that precise engineering of nanoparticle morphology, along with size variations, is crucial for optimizing drug delivery performance. Overall, controlling the shape of nanoparticles offers a powerful strategy for improving therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of cancer and other complex diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohsen Mehregan, Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani, Sahebe Hajipour, Samra Mededovic, Zeliha Selamoglu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Adult Health: Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Selected Physical Fitness Components in Young Male Adults
The present study investigates the impact of a structured aerobic exercise program on cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and body mass index (BMI) among young male adults aged 18–25 years. A total of forty participants were selected through simple random sampling and equally divided into an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The experimental group underwent a six-week aerobic exercise intervention, consisting of walking, slow running, running, cycling and dancing performed six days per week with progressive duration and intensity. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed using a standard step test, flexibility was measured via the Sit & Reach test and BMI was calculated using height and weight measurements. Pre and post-tests were conducted for both groups and data were analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests at a 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance and flexibility among participants in the experimental group, whereas BMI remained statistically unchanged. The control group showed no significant changes in any variable, confirming the effectiveness of structured aerobic exercise in enhancing specific physical fitness components. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise is an effective intervention for improving cardiovascular health and flexibility among young adults. However, short-term aerobic training alone may not significantly affect BMI, highlighting the need for longer duration interventions combined with dietary and lifestyle modifications. The study provides valuable insights for physical education instructors, coaches and adults seeking evidence-based methods to enhance health and functional fitness through aerobic training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kuldeep Kumar, Dr. Aarif Majeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diyabete Karşı Kahvenin Koruyucu Potansiyeli: Güncel Bir Yaklaşım
Dünyada su tüketiminden sonra en çok tüketilen ikinci içecek unvanını haklı olarak elinde bulunduran kahve, uzun zamandır sağlık alanındaki araştırmacılar tarafından çalışılan önemli bir araştırma konusu olmuştur. Kahve; kafein ve trigonellin gibi alkaloidler, fenolik asitler, kafestol gibi diterpenler, lignanlar ve flavonoidler gibi çeşitli biyo-aktif bileşikler içerir. Kahvede bulunan biyo-aktif bir bileşik olan kafestol, insan kas hücrelerinde glikoz alımını ve glikoz uyarılı insülin salgısını arttırabilir. Tip 2 diyabet hastaları, beslenme yoluyla alınan glikozu enerjiye dönüştürmeye yardımcı hormon olan insüline karşı direnç geliştirirler. Kahvede bulunan kafestol ve kafeik asit gibi iki bileşiğin, tip 2 diyabeti önleme ve hastalıklara karşı koruma ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Günümüzde, bazı çalışmalarda kafestolün diyabete karşı korunmada katkıda bulunduğu gösterilmiştir. Araştırmacılar, bu bilginin hastalıkları önlemek ve tedavi etmek için yeni ilaçlar geliştirmeye yardımcı olabileceğini öne sürmektedirler. Zaman içinde yapılan daha büyük ve daha uzun takip sürelerine sahip çalışmalar sonucunda, kahvenin insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri konusundaki düşüncelerde de önemli değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Coffee, which justifiably holds the distinction of being the second most consumed beverage in the world after water, has long attracted the attention of researchers in the field of health sciences. It contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids such as caffeine and trigonelline, phenolic acids, diterpenes such as cafestol, as well as lignans and flavonoids. Cafestol, one of the bioactive components of coffee, has been shown to enhance glucose uptake in human muscle cells and stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion. Individuals with type 2 diabetes develop resistance to insulin, the hormone responsible for facilitating the conversion of dietary glucose into energy. Two compounds present in coffee, cafestol and caffeic acid, have been associated with the prevention of type 2 diabetes and protective effects against disease development. Recent studies indicate that cafestol may contribute to protection against diabetes. Researchers suggest that these findings could support the development of new pharmacological approaches aimed at preventing and treating the disease. Over time, findings from larger studies with longer follow-up periods have led to significant shifts in scientific perspectives regarding the effects of coffee consumption on human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zeliha Selamoğlu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modulating the Hemato-Biochemical Profile and Growth Efficiency of Post-Weaning Rabbits via Clausena anisata Essential Oil Supplementation
This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of feeding weaner rabbits on diet supplemented with Clausena anisate essential oil at different levels. Forty clinically healthy weaned male rabbits about 5 to 6 month of age, with an average initial weight of 720.0 ± 0.71 kg were randomly divided into four dietary groups with ten replicates each The dietary treatments were: (A) basal diet without Clausena anisate oil; (B) basal diet supplemented with 0.3 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily; (C) basal diet supplemented with 0.6 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily; (D) basal diet supplemented with 0.9 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily in a completely randomized design for a duration of 60 days. Feed was provided ad libitum, and clean water was available at all times. Result obtained revealed that Clausena anisate oil increased (p<0.05) body weight gain, feed consumption as well as feed conversion ratio. High Clausena anisate oil treatment increased the concentration of pack cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocytes and monocytes. Clausena anisate oil supplementation decreased (p<0.05) low density lipoprotein concentration and increase total protein, albumin, globulin, high density lipoprotein except urea, creatinine, alanine amino transferase and alanine amino transaminase (p>0.05). It was concluded that the supplementation of Clausena anisate essential oil up to 0.9 mL per kg DM daily improved weight gain, feed consumption and blood constituents of weaner rabbits without causing any deleterious effect on their health status.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alagbe, Olujimi John (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and the Biology of Aging Mechanisms of Decline and Therapeutic Restoration
The inexorable process of aging is underpinned by a cascade of molecular deficits that erode cellular homeostasis and organismal function. A pivotal molecule within this cascade is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a fundamental redox cofactor in energy metabolism and an essential substrate for signaling enzymes such as the sirtuin family of deacylases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). This review synthesizes current evidence establishing the age-related decline in NAD⁺ bioavailability as a key driver of aging phenotypes and evaluates strategies for its therapeutic restoration. We detail the mechanisms of depletion, emphasizing heightened consumption by CD38 and PARP1 amid chronic inflammation and genomic stress. The review critically analyzes three principal intervention paradigms: supplementation with NAD⁺ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN); lifestyle modalities including caloric restriction and exercise; and pharmacological inhibition of NAD⁺-catabolizing enzymes. Compelling preclinical data demonstrate that these approaches can rejuvenate mitochondrial function, improve metabolic health, and extend health span. Early human trials confirm precursor safety and bioavailability, indicating benefits for vascular and metabolic parameters. However, significant translational gaps remain, including questions of long-term safety, optimal dosing, tissue-specific delivery, and potential pro-tumorigenic effects in certain contexts. We conclude that NAD⁺ repletion constitutes a potent, mechanism-based axis for aging intervention, yet its definitive clinical integration mandates rigorous long-term studies to transform robust biological insight into effective human therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nady Braidy, Muhammad Yasir Naeem, Anila Khan, Zeliha Selamoglu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fenolik Bileşiklerin Ekolojik Rolü Ve Bitkilerin Biyolojik Aktivitesine Katkisi
Bu makalede, fenolik bileşiklerin bitkilerdeki ekolojik önemi ve biyolojik aktiviteleri, bitkilerin ikincil metabolitlerinin ana gruplarından biri olarak ele alınmıştır. Fenolik bileşiklerin temel sınıfları, bitkilerin savunma mekanizmalarındaki rolleri ve biyotik ve abiyotik streslere adaptasyondaki işlevleri analiz edilmiştir. Fenolik bileşiklerin antioksidan özellikler gösterdiği, serbest radikalleri nötralize edebildiği, metal iyonlarını şelatlayabildiği ve enzimatik aktiviteleri düzenleyebildiği gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, fenolik bileşiklerin yapı ve işlevleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya çıkarılmasına ve pratik uygulama potansiyelinin artırılmasına yönelik gelecekteki araştırmaların umut verici olduğu belirtilmiştir. This study examines the ecological significance and biological activities of phenolic compounds in plants, considering them as one of the principal groups of plant secondary metabolites. The main classes of phenolic compounds, their roles in plant defense mechanisms, and their functions in adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses are analyzed. Phenolic compounds are shown to possess antioxidant properties, enabling them to neutralize free radicals, chelate metal ions, and regulate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, future research aimed at elucidating the relationships between the structural characteristics and functional properties of phenolic compounds is considered promising for enhancing their potential for practical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilara Sunakbaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
mRNA-Based Viral Vaccines: Revolutionizing Prophylaxis through Biotechnological Innovations and Virological Insights
The post-genomic and post-pandemic era has brought about a paradigm shift in the realm of vaccinology, which has triggered a transition from empirical whole-pathogen strategies to rational information-driven molecular design. The sudden and spectacular rise of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines is a disruptive prophylactic technology, whose efficacy has been unequivocally proven on a global platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unprecedented success of mRNA vaccines is a direct result of the strategic convergence of synthetic biology, structural virology, and immunoengineering. As a form of programmable biological software, mRNA vaccines provide a precise set of genetic instructions for the in vivo production of antigens, thereby inducing a coordinated humoral and cellular immune response. The review article will cover the multi-disciplinary underpinnings of the technology, its translation from bench to global platform, and the future frontiers that will be enabled by the strategic integration of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, which will firmly establish mRNA vaccinology as a cornerstone of 21st-century medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Abbas, Faiqa Shakeel, Romisa Sattar, Amna Noor, Sidra Riaz, Kanwal Saeed, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Sanish Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iklim Değişikliğinin Toprak Içeriği Ve Ürün Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri
Bu makalede, iklim değişikliğinin Kazakistan’daki toprak koşulları ve tarımsal ürün kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Sıcaklık artışı, yağış rejimindeki değişimler ve aşırı hava olayları gibi iklimsel faktörlerin, toprakların kimyasal bileşimi, fiziksel özellikleri ve biyolojik aktivitesi üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, toprak bozulması, humus içeriğinin azalması ve tuz birikiminin, ürün verimi ile tarımsal ürünlerin besin değerleri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yarattığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, iklim değişikliğinin tahıl, sebze ve kavun-karpuz gibi kültür bitkilerinde birim ürün kütlesinin, protein, vitamin ve mikro element içeriklerinin azalmasına neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuraklığa dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanımı, organik gübrelerin uygulanması, agro-ormanlaştırma önlemleri, sulama optimizasyonu ve toprak durumunun izlenmesi gibi adaptasyon stratejileri tartışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, toprak kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimi ve iklim değişikliği koşullarında tarımın dayanıklılığının artırılması için bütüncül yaklaşımların önemini vurgulamaktadır. This article examines the effects of climate change on soil conditions and agricultural product quality in Kazakhstan. The impacts of climatic factors such as rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events on the chemical composition, physical properties, and biological activity of soils are analyzed. The research findings reveal that soil degradation, a decline in humus content, and salt accumulation have negative effects on crop yield and the nutritional value of agricultural products. Furthermore, climate change has been found to cause reductions in unit crop mass as well as in the protein, vitamin, and micronutrient contents of cereal, vegetable, and melon–watermelon crops. Adaptation strategies such as the use of drought-resistant varieties, application of organic fertilizers, agroforestry measures, optimization of irrigation, and monitoring of soil conditions are discussed. The findings emphasize the importance of holistic approaches for the sustainable management of soil resources and enhancing agricultural resilience under climate change conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dilara K. Sunakbaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Disruption of the Blood–CSF Barrier in Tuberculous and Non-Tuberculous Meningitis: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Impact
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is an important interface in the central nervous system (CNS), controlling immune surveillance, waste removal, and pathogen invasion. Breakdown of the BCSFB is a characteristic of meningitis, such as tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and non-tuberculous meningitis (non-TBM), due to bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection. This review examines the physiology and function of the BCSFB, its contribution to CNS homeostasis, and the mechanisms with which neurotropic pathogens violate the barrier to cause meningitis. We explain the differential pathophysiological profiles of TBM, including granulomatous inflammation, and non-TBM, having purulent or lymphocytic reactions, and their corresponding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles. Diagnostic issues are discussed, pointing out novel biomarker-based methods, like CSF metabolomics, to distinguish TBM from non-TBM. Clinical implication of the disruption of BCSFB, such as neuroinflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and elevated mortality, is assessed, stressing the necessity for more effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in order to reduce the global burden of meningitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ehsan, Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Ahmad Ashraf, Sameen Gull, Emaan Khurshid, Rahim Ud Din, Musa Ibrar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Intratumoral Microbiota in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms, Microbial–Androgen Crosstalk, and Urinary Exfoliative Signatures for Liquid Biopsy Development
Prostate cancer [PCa] is the second most prevalent malignancy diagnosed in men worldwide, constituting a considerable public health challenge due to the inadequacies of existing diagnostic methods focused on prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and invasive biopsy. The recent paradigm shift towards viewing solid tumors as complex ecosystems has revealed the intratumoral microbiota, a community of bacteria, viruses, and fungi residing within the tumor microenvironment [TME] as a crucial regulator of carcinogenesis. The origin, spatial dynamics, and mechanistic functions of the prostate intratumoral microbiota are summarized in this thorough review. We present "The Prostate Microbial Triad," a novel conceptual framework that describes the co-evolutionary interaction of microbes, resident immune cells, and malignant epithelium. We explore particular mechanisms such as microbial reprogramming of tumor immunology and metabolism, the proposed "Microbial–Androgen Crosstalk Model" specific to PCa, and microbe-induced genomic instability. In order to create reliable liquid biopsies, we suggest a translational pipeline that connects tumor-resident microbes to urine signals through the "Microbial-Extracellular Vesicle [EV] Pathway," and we support multi-omics integration [metagenomics, metabolomics, and spatial transcriptomics] driven by machine learning. Decoding and utilizing the prostate intratumoral microbiome, according to this review, is a frontier with unmatched potential to transform PCa diagnostics by enabling accurate, non-invasive detection and risk stratification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Ahmad Ashraf, Mutahar A Tunio, Abdul Ahad Mehboob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Awareness and Utilization of Rehabilitation Services among Persons with Physical Disabilities in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
Background: Disability remains a major public health concern globally and disproportionately affects individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and economic productivity. Persons with physical disabilities (PWPDs) often experience barriers in accessing preventive and rehabilitation services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding disability and to evaluate the frequency of utilization of rehabilitation services among PWPDs attending a tertiary care rehabilitation facility in Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Artificial Limb Centre, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January to March 2024. A total of 238 PWPDs aged 19–45 years were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes toward disability, and utilization of rehabilitation services. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations between awareness levels and service utilization were assessed using the Chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Results: Among the respondents, 61.3% were male and 38.7% were female. Most participants demonstrated awareness regarding the consequences and prevention of disability; however, knowledge about available rehabilitation programs was comparatively limited. Positive attitudes toward disability were observed at individual and family levels, with self-reliance reported by a majority of participants. Regular utilization of rehabilitation services was significantly associated with higher awareness levels (p < 0.05). Key barriers to utilization included affordability, limited accessibility, and inadequate availability of rehabilitation services. Conclusion: Although PWPDs showed reasonable awareness regarding disability and its prevention, gaps persist in knowledge and utilization of rehabilitation services. Addressing financial, infrastructural, and informational barriers is essential to improve service uptake and overall quality of life among PWPDs. Strengthening public awareness campaigns and integrating rehabilitation into primary healthcare may enhance equitable access.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shazia Asif, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman, Dr. Ali Asif Rana, Fatima Asif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiogram Studies of Biofilm Forming Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Mastitis Cases in Bovines
Mastitis is a common disease of dairy cattle. It is characterized by pathological changes in udder and bacteriological changes in milk, making it unfit for human consumption. In veterinary medicine, antibiotic treatment of mastitis has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To combat the treatment challenge of mastitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria, antibiogram profiling of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was done to select effective antibiotics against these bacteria. In this research, samples containing milk and puss were collected from affected quarter of udder of cattle and screening of mastitis was performed by using Surf field mastitis test. Samples tested positive for mastitis were used for culturing of bacteria. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were isolated and identified by using selective media and biochemical tests, respectively. The biofilm formation capacity of E. coli and P. aeruginosa was determined by performing biofilm assay. Both E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited varied biofilm-formation capacities. E. coli isolates were classified as strong biofilm-formers (12%), moderate biofilm-formers (50%) and weak biofilm formers (38%). Furthermore, 20% of P. aeruginosa isolates were classified as strong biofilm-formers, 40% as moderate biofilm-formers and 40% as weak biofilm-formers Antibiogram of isolated bacteria was determined using disc diffusion test. Overall, E. coli isolates showed resistance to all the tested antibiotics except meropenem. P. aeruginosa isolates were found resistant to enrofloxacin, linezolid, cefixime and chloramphenicol, and susceptible to meropenem, vancomycin and azithromycin. These results suggest that meropenem could be an effective antibiotic against mastitis infections caused by E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, vancomycin and azithromycin could be used to treat mastitis infection caused by P. aeruginosa. These results indicate a dire need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for antibiotic-resistant biofilm-forming bacteria and surveillance of antibiotic resistance in treatment of mastitis infection in cattle.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Mustafa, Maryam Fatima, Faiqa Tabassum, Asfa Naeem, Muhammad Asad Ali, Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Muhammad Ashraf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of The Status of Skin Cancer in Pakistan And South Asia During Hot Weather – Is Climate Change Contributing?
Skin cancer is a growing public health concern in Pakistan, however, lack of cancer registry at national level makes availability of data scarce. Few regional reports from Karachi and Lahore have noted increase in its incidence. Skin cancers vary in pathophysiology and epidemiology as well as their possible causative factors. This perspective attempted to highlight a link between skin cancer and climate change. The main purpose was to give an overview and examine the existing literature on skin cancers in Pakistan and South Asia in this context. The available evidence on skin cancers from 2001 to 2025 was reviewed for finding these answers. The articles on skin cancers and its various sub-types like basal cell carcinoma, melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas were retrieved from online databases sources like PubMed central, Google Scholar and Medline. The prevalence of skin cancers varies in different global regions with high proportions of 30 to 40% in US, Australia and European populations with melanoma being the most common of these cancers. Contrary to these high proportions, in South Asian region and Pakistan the prevalence of skin cancer varies between 2 to 4% with SCC and BCC being the most frequent types. Pakistan faces multiple climate related challenges; heatwaves, floods, and burden of infectious diseases. There are multifaceted links among skin cancer and climate change. The increased ultraviolet radiation exposure due to warm temperatures and longer day duration during summers, especially, as many people in rural and lower-income communities, work in agricultural and outdoor occupations. The longer day during summer encourage prolonged activities, thus, more sun exposure. There are biological effects as heat itself may amplify cancer-causing effects of UV rays. Another key issue is air pollution which can weaken skin protection barriers and exacerbate UV radiation. This multifaceted complex issue requires a multifaceted approach as solutions including public health campaigns to raise awareness, policy changes to promote sun safety, and investment in healthcare facilities to improve diagnostic and treatment capabilities. And above all, there needs detailed research investigations on this topic so that comprehensive data is available in the country and regions which may lead to improved policies and better situation through its implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Tayyaba Masood, Dr. Antonio Gerbase, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological rehabilitation within the framework of the “One Health” concept
The article explores modern approaches to ecological rehabilitation of ecosystems within the framework of the “One Health” concept, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature that unites human, animal, and environmental health. Innovative methods for restoring degraded areas are analyzed, including biotechnological practices for soil and species regeneration, as well as digital technologies for biodiversity monitoring using AI. Special attention is given to the role of biodiversity as a restorative resource and a key factor of ecosystem resilience. The paper examines real-world examples of ecosystem restoration projects that integrate One Health principles — from landscape rehabilitation to the reduction of zoonotic risks. It discusses how such initiatives contribute not only to strengthening ecosystem functions (water regulation, soil stabilization, population recovery) but also to improving public health and reducing environmental threats. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of a systemic, holistic approach combining scientific methods, government programs, community participation, and technological innovation. Such an approach ensures the long-term sustainability of ecosystem services, food systems, and health on a global scale — making One Health an effective tool for ecological rehabilitation in an era of growing global challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunakbaeva D.Kh. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Zinc and Iron deficiency in Children up to 12 years
This cross-sectional observational study assessed the frequency of iron and zinc deficits in 100 children at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan, who were between the ages of three and twelve. Serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum zinc, plasma zinc, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) were among the anthropometric and biochemical characteristics measured. Significant micronutrient deficits were found in the children: 25% had hemoglobin levels suggestive of iron-deficiency anemia, 16% had low ferritin, and 20% had low serum iron. Additionally, common was zinc deficiency, which affected 30% of people based on serum zinc levels and 35% based on plasma zinc levels. A dietary analysis revealed inadequate intake of protein sources, fruits, and vegetables. The results show that this pediatric group has a significant burden of zinc and iron deficiencies, highlighting the need for focused nutritional treatments, public health initiatives, and increased dietary diversity to address these deficiencies and enhance health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahab Ud Din Chohan, Marwa Wasif, Abdul Razaq, Sawaira Batool, Sanam Nawaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Holistic Psychology: A New Paradigm for Integrating Consciousness, Culture, and Ecology in the Human Sciences
Contemporary psychology stands at a turning point. During the past century, its subfields—Clinical, Behavioural, Cognitive, Neuroscientific, and Social—have expanded rapidly, yet the discipline itself has become fragmented. Each school illuminates a segment of experience while the indivisible person, who thinks, feels, and acts as one, remains conceptually divided among them. Holistic Psychology emerges as a doctrinal response to this crisis of separation, proposing a unified science grounded in the principle that reality is relational and that awareness is a formative, not derivative, property of life. This paper establishes Holistic Psychology as a new paradigm that integrates consciousness, culture, and ecology within a single ontological framework. It revisits the philosophical foundations of psychology through four converging traditions: phenomenology’s return to lived experience, systems theory’s vision of self-organizing wholes, process philosophy’s dynamic view of interrelated events, and the contemplative psychologies of Asia that study awareness through disciplined observation. From this synthesis arise three first axioms—indivisibility of the person, interdependence as universal law, and analysis as servant of synthesis—which together redefine both knowledge and care as complementary movements of understanding. By linking contemporary research in neuroscience, ecological psychology, and cultural studies with timeless contemplative insight, Holistic Psychology constructs a coherent framework for studying well-being as harmony rather than mere adjustment. It seeks to restore unity between data and meaning, science and ethics, method and compassion. The doctrine thus inaugurates a scientific humanism fit for the complexity of the twenty-first century—a psychology not of fragments but of wholeness, relation, and renewal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Anoop Poomadam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lived Experiences of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Punjab, Pakistan
The purpose of this study is to investigate the lived experiences of women whose child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Punjab, Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were used in a qualitative study approach to collect detailed information. Five mothers of children with autism made up the sample; they were chosen using non-probability purposive sampling from rural areas of Punjab. This study aims to comprehend the everyday struggles these moms encounter, the effects of raising a child with ASD on their personal and familial lives, and the coping mechanisms they use to deal with related social and psychological issues. Iterative coding and the creation of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) were used in data analysis to find important patterns in the tales. Results show that, in addition to trying to uphold their domestic responsibilities, moms of children with ASD experience severe social isolation, stigma, and emotional suffering. Despite these obstacles, individuals showed resilience by using community resources, self-care practices, and support systems. The study emphasizes the necessity for specialized support services by highlighting the intricate interactions between mom and ASD children in a culturally particular setting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Salman, Tehreem Arshad, Aisha Sitwat, Hadeeqa Anmol, Tehreem Talat, Rizwana Samreen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Postpartum Depression on Family Life of Women in Islamabad, Pakistan
Background: Postnatal blues, a prevalent condition observed in approximately 15% of women globally, emerges as a significant public health issue impacting both mothers and their families. In Pakistan, postnatal depression is frequently observed in women, with prevalence rates ranging from 28% to 63%, placing the country among the highest in Asia. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with postpartum depression in women and its broader impacts on affected individuals' families. Methods: A total of 200 postnatal women with postpartum depression and one-year-old toddlers were included in this cross-sectional study through a multiphase selection strategy. The study was conducted in Islamabad, Pakistan. Results: Among postnatal women, the most common risk factors of postpartum depression were due to the difficulties faced by women during delivery and pregnancy (82% extreme depression, 40% mild depression), Gender biasness (81.5% extreme depression, and 40% mild depression) and health concerns of a baby throughout gestation period (81.5%, extreme depressed and 35%, mild depressed) Social stereotype associated with delivery methods and pregnancy(81%, extreme depressed and 40, mild depressed) and lactation difficulties (63%, extreme depressed and 33, mild depressed). Conclusion: After childbirth, the postpartum phase is a crucial period for mothers, and it is frequently underestimated and overlooked, leading to substantial health risks. This timeframe is particularly susceptible to various complications, i.e., a variety of mood disorders like PPD, which is a significant depressive episode that begins within 30 days of birth, and such disorders result in adverse outcomes that affect the mental health of a mother and disturb the entire family life. It is imperative to conduct early evaluations and offer personalized guidance regarding social support and coping strategies to identify and prevent postpartum depression in this particular demographic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saria Saeed, Tariq Mehmood, Atta Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of medical knowledge for understanding, treating, and counteracting orphan diseases
COVID-19 made it clear to us that not knowing the pathogens and risks associated with so-called orphan or rare diseases can cost us thousands of lives, including those of young and healthy individuals, who represent our human capital. This literature review analyzes the promotion of existing medical knowledge in medical students to understand, treat, and counteract orphan diseases. This analysis has been presented by many authors and researchers who recognize that medicine still has a lot to do and that it is in university classrooms where the mission of building knowledge that helps manage what ails human life must begin. Authors such as Klein & Nori, et al. [1,2] state that "around 7,000 identified rare diseases affect approximately 350 million people worldwide". The lack of knowledge of the new generations of doctors about orphan diseases makes it difficult to diagnose and treat patients who suffer from them in various parts of the world. According to Jacewicz [3], rare diseases affect approximately 400 million people worldwide. It is predicted that one in twenty people will be affected by a rare disease at some point in their lives. These statistics make it clear that academic medical institutions must promote the necessary knowledge to establish research on these conditions, thereby reinforcing the scientific skills of their students and advancing medicine for social welfare and the prevention of human resource loss in the productive stage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Caroline Correa-Mercado, Sandra Vélez-Candelario (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kati Evsel Atiklarin Geri Dönüştürülmesinde Ekolojik Yönler Ve Modern Teknolojiler
Bu makale, katı evsel atıkların (KEA) bertarafı sırasında ortaya çıkan çevresel sorunların analizine ve bu alandaki modern teknolojik çözümlerin değerlendirilmesine adanmıştır. Atık yönetiminin temel yöntemleri — kompostlama, depolama, pnömatik taşıma ve yakma — ele alınmıştır. Özellikle, geleneksel bertaraf yöntemlerinin, özellikle de yakma işleminin, dioksinler, furanlar ve ağır metaller gibi toksik bileşiklerin salınımına yol açtığı, bunun da atmosfer, toprak ve su ekosistemleri üzerinde uzun vadeli olumsuz etkiler yarattığı vurgulanmaktadır. Yakma ürünlerinde, atık sularında ve kül ile cüruf kullanılarak üretilen yapı malzemelerinde kirletici madde içeriklerine ilişkin karşılaştırmalı veriler sunulmuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca, insan kaynaklı yükün azaltılmasına yönelik modern yaklaşımlar — özellikle aşırı adyabatik rejimde gazlaştırma prensiplerine dayalı yenilikçi termal işleme teknolojilerinin uygulanması — üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu süreçler, yüksek enerji verimliliği (yaklaşık %95’e kadar) sağlamakta, toksik bileşiklerin oluşumunu en aza indirmekte ve geniş bir atık yelpazesinin etkin şekilde geri dönüştürülmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Makale, geleneksel atık uzaklaştırma sisteminden kaynakların yeniden kullanımı ve artık atıkların en aza indirilmesini öngören döngüsel ekonomi modeline geçişin önemini tartışmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, atıkların ayrıştırılması, biyolojik geri dönüşümü, enerjiye dönüştürülmesi ve modern izleme sistemlerini içeren bütüncül bir yaklaşımın, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve kentleşmiş bölgelerde çevresel güvenliğin sağlanması açısından temel koşul olduğu gösterilmektedir. This article is devoted to the analysis of environmental problems arising during the disposal of solid household waste (SHW) and to the evaluation of modern technological solutions in this field. The main methods of waste management—composting, landfilling, pneumatic transport, and incineration—are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that conventional disposal methods, especially incineration, lead to the release of toxic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and heavy metals, which have long-term adverse effects on atmospheric, soil, and aquatic ecosystems. Comparative data are presented on pollutant contents in incineration products, wastewater, and construction materials produced using ash and slag. The study also focuses on modern approaches aimed at reducing anthropogenic load, particularly the application of innovative thermal processing technologies based on gasification principles under super-adiabatic conditions. These processes provide high energy efficiency (up to approximately 95%), minimize the formation of toxic compounds, and enable the efficient recycling of a wide range of waste types. The article discusses the importance of transitioning from traditional waste disposal systems to a circular economy model that emphasizes resource reuse and the minimization of residual waste. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that a holistic approach incorporating waste separation, biological recycling, energy recovery, and modern monitoring systems is a fundamental requirement for sustainable development and for ensuring environmental safety in urbanized areas.
Exploiting Lysosomal Vulnerabilities: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Induce Immunogenic Cell Death in Oncogene-Addicted Cancers
Background: A significant challenge in oncology is the development of therapies that selectively eliminate cancer cells while engaging the immune system for durable protection. Oncogene-driven transformation has been shown to rewire cellular metabolism and organelle function, creating unique dependencies. Lysosomes, traditionally considered mere degradative centers, are emerging as critical regulators of cell survival and death. We hypothesized that oncogenic transformation, particularly by drivers like Her2, creates a lysosomal "Achilles' heel," priming these organelles for permeabilization and offering a novel therapeutic target. Methods: Using the MCF-10A-neoT model of oncogene-driven transformation, we first characterized lysosomal alterations. We then conducted a high-throughput screen for compounds inducing Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization (LMP), focusing on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) inducers. Lead compounds were evaluated for their ability to trigger established markers of Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), including surface calreticulin (CRT), ATP release, and HMGB1 release. Selectivity and efficacy were further validated in co-culture models and immunocompetent mouse models. Results: Oncogene-transformed cells exhibited significantly enlarged lysosomes, altered subcellular distribution, and increased cathepsin B/L activity compared to their non-transformed counterparts. Our screen identified several ROS-generating compounds that selectively induced LMP in cancer cells. Treatment with these lead compounds resulted in the robust exposure of CRT, and the extracellular release of ATP and HMGB1, confirming the induction of ICD. In co-culture, the compounds demonstrated a clear therapeutic window, preferentially killing cancer cells. In vivo studies in immunocompetent mice confirmed tumor regression and the establishment of a protective anti-tumor immune memory. Conclusion: Our findings validate that targeted LMP induction is a viable strategy for selectively killing oncogene-addicted cancer cells. Moreover, by triggering ICD, this approach not only directly eliminates tumor cells but also stimulates a systemic immune response, addressing the critical need for therapies that provide long-term anti-cancer immunity.
Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization (LMP)
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiz Muhammadismail Azher Syed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tuberculosis Meningitis: An Exploration of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biochemical Markers and Their Correlation with Gender and Age
The study evaluated the correlational barriers of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemical markers of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) with gender in patients) at General Hospital Lahore. This study was conducted between the period of January 2024 and June 2025. It constituted 120 participants, with 68 male and 52 female participants. Significant differences were observed between genders: males had higher mean protein levels (126 mg/dL) than females (99 mg/dL, p < 0.001); meanwhile, females had lower glucose (34 mg/dL) as compared to that of males (47 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Chloride levels also showed a difference with male reading (118 mmol/L) versus female (109 mmol/L, p = 0.003). Lymphocyte predominance (86%) remained constant for both sexes. These findings were also validated statistically using t-tests and regression models, hence establishing the need for different diagnostic cut-offs based on sex. Limitations were encountered with this being a single-center study, thus necessitating multicentric research to validate the findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahram Hussain, Tasra Bibi, Syed Wajeeh Ul Hassan, Muhammad Faizan, Faiqa Shakeel, Abdul Ahad Mehboob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating the Intersection of Mental Health and Nutrition in Adolescent Girls: Addressing the Dual Challenge – A short Review
Adolescent girls are especially vulnerable to the twin threats of nutritional inadequacy and mental illness, an interactive effect that has long-term consequences for physical and psychological development. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly in iron, zinc, vitamin D, and common B-vitamins, not only impact growth and immune functioning but also compromise susceptibility to mood disorders, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Simultaneously, mental health conditions influence feeding patterns, e.g., inadequate nutrient consumption, infrequent or irregular meal frequency, or food restriction and disordered eating, which contribute additional nutrient deficiencies, perpetuating a vicious risk cycle. This review critically examines the complex interaction between nutrition and mental health in adolescent girls, the physiological, neurocognitive, and psychosocial mechanisms linking deficits to psychological outcomes. The article also identifies contextual influences like socio-economic status, cultural norms, and environmental stressors that may magnify vulnerability. Comprehensive strategies that integrate special nutrition interventions such as micronutrient supplementation, dietary diversification, and fortified foods with mental health support activities are recommended to develop resilience, improve cognitive capacity, and general wellbeing. By addressing both nutrition and mental health simultaneously, such strategies aim to mitigate long-term developmental, educational, and health consequences and instead promote adolescent girls to attain their optimal growth and psychological well-being at this critical stage of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salwa AL Majali, Mahsa Ebadi, Zeliha Selamoglu, Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi, Mehran Moslemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0